How is chlamydia transmitted?
Chlamydia is transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and through genital contact even without penetration. It can also be passed from mother to baby during delivery. It is not transmitted through toilet seats, towels, or casual contact. A new partner means a new risk — even if neither person has had symptoms.
What are the symptoms of chlamydia?
The majority of chlamydia infections cause no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include unusual vaginal or penile discharge, a burning sensation when urinating, pain during sex, rectal discharge or pain, and — in women — bleeding between periods or after sex. Symptoms in men may include testicular pain or swelling. Symptoms in the throat or rectum may occur if infection occurred through oral or anal sex.
How is chlamydia tested?
Chlamydia is diagnosed using a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) on a urine sample or a swab from the affected area (vagina, cervix, urethra, rectum, or throat). Results are highly accurate. Home testing kits are widely available on the NHS for under-25s. You should wait at least 2 weeks after a potential exposure before testing to avoid a false negative.
How is chlamydia treated?
Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics, either a single dose of azithromycin or a seven-day course of doxycycline. Both are highly effective. You should avoid sex until you and your partner(s) have completed treatment. It is important to tell recent sexual partners so they can also be tested and treated. Symptoms should resolve within 1–2 weeks of completing treatment.
What happens if chlamydia is left untreated?
If left untreated, chlamydia can spread to other reproductive organs. In women, this can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, or infertility. In men, it can cause epididymo-orchitis, which can affect fertility. Untreated chlamydia can also increase the risk of contracting or transmitting HIV.